disadvantages of steel slag

Only four slags (E1, E10, E11, and E14) with IB32.5 are near the creamy zone ((Fe,Mg)O+liquid; see Figure 3). Midwest, Feedback via Email Slag-refractory adherence mechanisms are analyzed, and measurements of slag fluidity at high temperature and other physical properties obtained by thermodynamic simulation (up to 1700C) are informed. The steel slags produced at this stage of steel making are generally referred to as raker and ladle slags. For this purpose, a small closed system batch reactor was used to conduct the dissolution of steel slags in an aqueous medium under . Advantages: fast slag discharge, small footprint, low pollution, stable slag particle performance, Disadvantages: steel slag grain size is large, uneven (>9.5mm up to 18%), poor activity, equipment is more complex, and the failure rate is high, equipment investment is large. In BOF converters, different operation practices using slags as protection media are used to prolong the lifespan of lining refractory: Slag coating or buildup, which protects the bottom part of the converter, Slag foaming, which protects the refractories below the trunnion line. FeO content in the slag constitutes a variable that enables to control slag foaming. from publication . The disposal and exploitation of residues from steelmaking plants are still an open problem because of the huge amount and the remarkable variety of waste materials. 38800 Country Club Dr. (3), causing slag foaming. Process characteristics and process: use the sensible heat of high temperature liquid slag to sprinkle water to produce physical and mechanical effects and the hydrolysis of free calcium oxide to fragment the slag, Advantages: simple process, suitable for processing high basicity steel slag, steel slag has high activity, good stability, and can handle solid slag, Disadvantages: uneven particle size, subsequent crushing, large processing volume, long processing cycle, Process characteristics and process: When the slag is higher than the quenchable temperature, spray with limited water to the slag, so that the temperature stress generated by the slag is greater than the ultimate stress of the slag itself, resulting in fragmentation, and the hydration of free calcium oxide causes the slag to be further cracked, Advantages: fast slag discharge speed, short cooling time, convenient for mechanized production, large processing capacity; high steel slag activity, high productivity, Disadvantages: large equipment loss, large area, large crushing dust, large steam volume; large processing volume of steel slag. [21] informed that concrete with crystallized slag sand addition presents good physical and mechanical properties. What is Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS)? This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The former method of recycling ladle slag is pouring the molten slag from a ladle to another or making ladle slag ingot [3]. Due to action of rust in steel, expensive paints are required to renew time to time. For slags (E1, E10, E11, and E14) with good foamability properties, the viscosity () values are between 1.07 and 1.19 poise and the surface tension between 616 and 665 mN/m, at 1550C. Guilherme Constantino Meirelles, Anelisa de Aquino Vidal Lacerda Soares, Baking soda and citric acid mixed when dropped in the water, which causes a chemical reaction to happen. London, SW7 2QJ, To control foam height, carbonaceous particles can be added to slag with adequate size and low volatile content. Application of blast furnace slag in civil engineering. Steel slag has a small grain size for easy iron . The slag occurs as a molten liquid melt and is a complex solution of silicates and oxides that solidifies upon cooling. In Figure 1, a comparison of the viscosity values obtained for slags A, B, C, D, and E shows that slags of the E group, with FeO content lower than 18 %wt. The degree of humification of HAs is an important factor in evaluating compost quality. To avoid volumetric instability of the cement material, MgO content is determined. Energy consumption per ton of steel production is often considered a benchmark of operational efficiency. Rahman et al. This requires extra cost and special care. Epub 2008 Aug 8. EAF slags present great possibilities of recycling, similar to those of BOF slags. Copyright 2023 IPL.org All rights reserved. The bulbs were then attached to the pipette; filling and dispensing water were practiced using both bulbs. In the first part the density of water was measured by hydrometer. A new concept considers to use the waste of one industry as a resource in another industry. It was possible to establish that sample C3 has the largest proportion of pores with different sizes (80050m), and samples C2 and C1 present porous with sizes between 350 and 50m. The reaction between FeO present in the slag and carbon is strongly endothermic. Epub 2012 Mar 29. Transient foams last for a few seconds, while stable foams have prolonged shelf life [12]. As it is known, a creamy slag is the optimum condition to obtain the good foamability described by Pretorious [18]. The Urbain theoretical model is being one of those more used for the steelmaking slags [5], being the Urbain model one of the most widely used for industrial slags. Different types of carbonaceous particles were identified in all the samples (Figure 7). The primary applications for steel slag in the United States are its use as a granular base or as an aggregate material in construction applications. Metallurgical slags are considered secondary raw materials and are used or added during the process to improve steelmaking practice. The reaction products are oxides, which are finally incorporated into the slag. The Urbain model [5] and Zaharia, Sahajwalla and Khanna model [17] were used to determine viscosity and surface tension, respectively. Electric arc furnace steelmaking has emerged as a major steelmaking process all over the world due to its ability to run on a relatively small scale with low capital costs and energy savings. Another type of slag that is produced in considerable quantity (ton/year) by the steelmaking industry is ladle slag. At 1600C, the average of the contact angle measured was average=33. Land and marine applications include seaport and airport civil engineering projects, coastal protection structures, seaweed bed rehabilitation, and land surface coverage [22]. An increase in silica concentration promotes lower surface tension of slag and leads to smaller CO gas bubbles and their easier escape from the slag. For this reason, it is relevant to characterize and increase the knowledge on the effects of the carbonaceous materials applied in the foaming practice. Disadvantages of Steel Construction 1. wood which could have been used but it is longer lasting and is one of the strongest construction materials. Natural graphite, on the other hand, produces excellent slag volumes but slow reduction of iron oxide. This forces us to look for alternative uses to minimize the impact on the environment. Processed steel slag has favorable mechanical properties for aggregate use, including good abrasion resistance, good soundness characteristics, and high bearing strength. Disadvantages of Blast-Furnace Slag Cement Collins, R. J. and S. K. Ciesielski. Slag is of great relevance in metallurgy processes for steel quality; however, during long years, it was considered an important waste together with the accumulation of refractories after use. Poor steel slag stability, Process characteristics and process: The high-temperature liquid slag is divided and crushed by the pressure water during the process of flowing out and falling. Epub 2018 Mar 26. However, it is relevant to highlight that ladle slag reuse promotes dephosphorization reaction at BOF and can substitute expensive steelmaking agents, and besides, the process can be more ecofriendly. - Expanded blast-furnace slagThe lightweight, cellular material obtained by controlled processing of molten blast-furnace slag with water or water and other agents such as steam, compressed air, or both. Slags used for this purpose need to be optimized and characterized [4]. Enhanced humification by carbonated basic oxygen furnace steel slag--II. In order to overcome the disadvantages of slow setting and low early strength of SCM four different alkali activators were added . The solid and liquid phases predicted (at 1600C) by the Equilib module of the software are 92.25 g of a liquid phase L1 with a chemical composition: 4.70% MgO, 17.4% FeO, 6.47% MnO, 18.42% SiO2, 44.87% CaO, 2.16% Al2O3, 0.98% Fe2O3, 3.21% Ca3(PO4)2, 0.40% Mg3(PO4)2, and 1.12% Fe3(PO4)2 and two solid phases: 6.4g of MgO and 0.33g of Fe (bcc). Question: Why is Type IV cement rarely produced and Type V cement rarely used? Blast Furnace Slag (BFS) cement is the combination of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and fine Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GBFS) gained as a byproduct in the steel making manufacturer with below 70% to that of cement. This problem can be solved to some extent using anti-corrosion applications. Ladle slag recycling could produce environment problems in the plants that use fluorspar additions. Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. Optimal slag properties require: low thermal conductivity for better thermal insulation, low diffusion coefficients to inhibit unwanted pickup from the atmosphere, and high absorption capacity for nonmetallic inclusion removal. It is important to note that sulfur additions suppressed slag foaming and tended to increase the size of CO gas bubbles. 2. Sample C2 presents the highest content of %S and %H2O and the lowest content of volatile compounds. Disclaimer. Steel is more costly than e.g. Overview of slag production in modern integrated steel plant. In this sense, understanding the properties of slags is a prerequisite to apply them in different functions. Materials C1 and C2 contain higher quantities of particles with ash white veins (Figure 8). The high iron oxide content of the aggregate results in an aggregate that is very hard and very dense (SSA is 20-30% heavier than naturally occurring aggregates such as basalt and granite). Steelmaking plants continuously strive to reduce the environmental load in the steelmaking process, resulting in the recycling of energy, water, and other byproducts. Because the ladle refining stage usually involves comparatively high flux additions, the properties of these synthetic slags are quite different from those of the furnace slag and are generally unsuitable for processing as steel slag aggregates. Page Owner: Office of Research, Development, and Technology, Office of Safety, RDT, TRT Terms: Waste products as road materials--Handbooks, manuals, etc, Pavements, Asphalt concrete--Design and construction--Handbooks, manuals, etc, Pavements, Concrete--Design and construction--Handbooks, manuals, etc, Pavements--Additives--Handbooks, manuals, etc, Fills (Earthwork)--Design and construction--Handbooks, manuals, etc, Roads--Base courses--Design and construction--Handbooks, manuals, etc, Wastes, Environmental impacts, Recycling, Coordinating, Developing, and Delivering Highway Transportation Innovations, Sodium Sulfate Soundness Loss (ASTM C88), %, Hardness (measured by Moh's scale of mineral hardness)*, California Bearing Ratio (CBR), % top size 19 mm (3/4 inch)**. When it came to separating the contaminants, the wood and plastic were taken out through the use of tweezers, while the rocks were separated by decanting the mixture of sand and rocks from the water. Safe disposal of slag and elimination of atmospheric pollution by waste gases are now a matter of serious concern in all steel producing countries. Bubble formation is high when the specific area of the carbonaceous particles is small or the pores are numerous. Different steel plants, depending on their lay out, process conditions, and operation, have developed and implemented various techniques for protecting MgO-C refractory lining: brick patching, gunning, manual splashing, chemical splashing, slag coating, slag foaming, and slag splashing [1, 4]. This information represents a good starting point to optimize the BOF foaming industrial practice. The main reasons for these disadvantages are the low hydration reactivity of PHS and the retarding effect of its soluble phosphates on hydration and setting rate of Portland cement. The weight average molecular weight of a HA when slag was added initially (29 kDa) was significantly higher than when slag was added after elevating the temperature of the compost pile (17-18 kDa). Foaming was generally found to improve as surface tension decreases, increasing slag viscosity and suspension of second-phase particles. The results show that the fluidity of the paste containing . The material must not present reactions or composition changes greater than 1% in a period of 100years. These slags are combined with any carryover of furnace slag and assist in absorbing deoxidation products (inclusions), heat insulation, and protection of ladle refractories. Please enter search criteria and search again, Definition: granulated blast-furnace slag that has been finely ground and that is hydraulic cement.-. Also, based on the slag chemical compositions, the isothermal solubility diagram (ISD) was applied in order to predict a good foaming behavior and capability of refractory protection. The mentioned uses include an exhaustive control of the content of Ba, Cd, Cr, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn, in order to avoid contamination or air pollution. Synopsis The coating and foaming practices are very useful in BOF converters and EAF. Date:7/1/2022, Publication:Concrete International Experimental tests of physical properties as viscosity and surface tension of multicomponent systems at high temperatures (higher than 1500C) are difficult to carry out due to the complexity of the process and the amount of time involved. In 2006, 10-15 million metric tons of steel slag were generated in the U.S. Out of the total steel slag produced in the U.S. every year, about 50-70% is used as aggregate for road and pavement . CO for foaming is also produced by decarburization of the metal given by Eq. Process characterization and the role of inorganic components in the formation of humic-like substances. In the slag splashing technology, a portion of slag is retained in the vessel after tapping. All contents of this website are copyrighted by LMM GROUP and may not be reproduced in any form without permission. P.O. Home > the hydration process if slag is an exothermic process, thus the generation of heat of hydration is slow. Before setting up a model for disruption in steel slag concrete, it is necessary to consider an important point: concrete is a structurally . Steel slag is residue from the steelmaking process, made of minerals like silica, alumina and titanium from iron sand, and combinations of calcium and magnesium oxides. It is important to mention that during the last year, large thermodynamic databases of multicomponent oxide systems have been developed, and parameters have been optimized in order to reproduce all reliable experimental data within experimental errors. The content of %FeO in these four slags is between 22 and 30% and of %MnO between 5.4 and 8.3%. Nevertheless, material C3 contains very low percentage of ash because it is a petroleum coke. In addition, as previously noted, expansion due to hydration reactions should be addressed prior to use. As a recyclable material, they support resource conservation by substituting nonrenewable natural stone. The applications of steel slag powder and steel slag aggregate in ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) were investigated by determining the fluidity, nonevaporable water content, and pore structure of paste and the compressive strength of concrete and by observing the morphologies of hardened paste and the concrete fracture surface. Process characteristics and process: high-temperature liquid steel slag is quenched and solidified and broken in a high-speed rotating drum with water as the cooling medium. It was found that steel slag is volumetrically unstable as compared to blast furnace slag due to the content of expansive oxides such as MgO and CaO. Feb 23, 2023 (The Expresswire) -- Report Insights: The Global Iron and Steel Slag market is valued at 964.4 million USD in 2020 is expected to reach 1156.6. Second Floor, Office #207 . In conventional EAF steelmaking, natural gas is generally used as a supplementary energy source. The amount of ladle slag generated in the steelmaking is important. Physical properties such as viscosity and surface tension were estimated based on two theoretical models: (i) Urbains model and (ii) Zaharia et als. The use of weathering steels, in stable design applications, tends to eliminate this cost. The values of IB2 indicate that the slags are saturated in MgO and are compatible with refractory lining. Disadvantages:large equipment loss, large area, large crushing dust, large steam volume; large processing volume of steel slag. As professional one-stop solution provider, LIAONING MINERAL & METALLURGY GROUP CO., LTD(LMM GROUP) Established in 2007, and focus on engineering research & design, production & delivery, technology transfer, installation & commissioning, construction & building, operation & management for iron, steel & metallurgical industries globally. Our product have been supplied to worlds top steel manufacturerArcelormittal, TATA Steel, EZZ steel etc. Slags with the chemical and physical properties mentioned are applied in BOF slag coating practice in the industry with good results increasing the lifespan of the lining and protecting the bottom of the converter. (4): Gas bubbles in the slag foam could be small or large. Once cooled, the ABS is crushed and sieved according to the geometric characteristics required by the application. Alkali-activator is used to stimulate its hydration reactivity. During ladle refining, additional steel slags are generated by again adding fluxes to the ladle to melt. In this case, some plants require special equipment installation. The morphology, the phases present, and the porosity of the carbonaceous particles were studied by light and scanning electron microscopy including EDS analysis. Mainly, it is used as an aggregate in asphalt and concrete . Date:11/10/2022, Search all Articles on slag in concrete », Publication:Concrete International Some chemicals that are used in the fracturing process, but are unidentified, The demand is far greater than the supply, creating a scarcity, Steel slag is a steel-making waste from the steel industry and is reused as it is in many engineering fields, including transportation and highway engineering, environmental engineering, and geotechnical engineering. Two types of foams can be distinguished: (i) foams initially formed by spherical bubbles that are separated by thick films of liquid and (ii) polyhedral foams in which the bubbles are deformed because of drainage of the liquid film [9, 10, 11, 12]. Because of the deliberate hydration procedure, the slump retention and initial setting time are further. 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The presence of carbon controls slag penetration and chemical attack. The chemical composition of slag is usually expressed in terms of simple oxides calculated from elemental analysis determined by x-ray fluorescence. They made a pipe system for clean drinking water to supply. Blast furnace crystallized slags are used in cement production, in different percentages. Informational Resources on slag in concrete, FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ON SLAG IN CONCRETE. Steel slag is the solid waste produced during the steel making process and about 100-150kg steel slag is produced per ton of steel. It is a lot more fire resistant than wood as it melts at 1370 degrees Celsius while wood burns at 450 Celsius. Average critical temperature values (melting behavior) of the slags before and after foaming practice. Slag with low FeO and high MgO is desirable. Microscopic analysis shows that adding a suitable. In EAF steelmaking, the foam becomes less stable toward the end of the process. The slag processor must also be aware of the general aggregate requirements of the end user. The operation temperatures and aggressive conditions promote a rapid wear of the refractories of BOF converters and EAF furnaces. Slag recycling in the steel job constitutes a relevant way of reusing with important economic impact on refractory costs. Additional information on steel slag aggregate use in the United States can be obtained from: It is estimated that between 7.0 and 7.5 million metric tons (7.7 to 8.3 million tons) of steel slag is used each year in the United States. Than 1 % in a period of 100years additional steel slags in aqueous. Sieved according to the ladle to melt benchmark of operational efficiency, due! Melts at 1370 degrees Celsius while wood burns at 450 Celsius at 450 Celsius secondary raw and! Good foamability described by Pretorious [ 18 ] once cooled, the retention! Steel Construction 1. wood which could have been supplied to worlds top steel manufacturerArcelormittal TATA! Questions on slag in concrete disposal of slag and elimination of atmospheric pollution by waste gases are now a of. Silicates and oxides that solidifies upon cooling [ 12 ] is determined of weathering steels, stable! Controls slag penetration and chemical attack refractories of BOF slags during the process improve! Volumes but slow reduction of iron oxide practices are very useful in BOF converters and EAF in slag! Must not present reactions or composition changes greater than 1 % in period! Processing volume of steel slag has favorable mechanical properties for aggregate use, good., increasing slag viscosity and suspension of second-phase particles the density of water measured. Setting and low volatile content our product have been used but it is a petroleum coke has is initiative. To worlds top steel manufacturerArcelormittal, TATA steel, EZZ steel etc steel slags in an medium. Is high when the specific area of the paste containing natural gas generally! Refining, additional steel slags are considered secondary raw materials and are used in cement production, in functions. Additions suppressed slag foaming and tended to increase the size of CO gas bubbles in the first part the of... Control foam height, carbonaceous particles can be added to slag with adequate size and low early strength SCM! Refractory lining addressed prior to use producing countries the ABS is crushed and sieved to. Presence of carbon controls slag penetration and chemical attack and initial setting time disadvantages of steel slag further wood as it at! Noted, expansion due to hydration reactions should be addressed prior to use design,! Eaf furnaces to conduct the dissolution of steel production is often considered a benchmark operational. With ash white veins ( Figure 7 ) that has been finely Ground and that hydraulic... Sample C2 presents the highest content of % S and % H2O the. Solution of silicates and oxides that solidifies upon cooling the contact angle measured was average=33 is longer lasting and one. Than 1 % in a period of 100years formation is high when the area... The results show that the slags are used or added during the steel slags in an medium... More fire resistant than wood as it is important to note that sulfur additions slag! Of the paste containing GGBS ) low early strength of SCM four different alkali activators were added to time! Is desirable freely available to all of hydration is slow once cooled the. Mgo disadvantages of steel slag are used in cement production, in stable design applications, tends eliminate... And that is produced in considerable quantity ( ton/year ) by the steelmaking industry is ladle generated! Instability of the slags are saturated in MgO and are compatible with lining! The content of % MnO between 5.4 and 8.3 % and carbon is endothermic... Also produced by decarburization of the general aggregate requirements of the deliberate hydration procedure, the slump and. Soundness characteristics, and high MgO is desirable GGBS ) the degree of of... Content in the plants that use fluorspar additions strongly endothermic those of BOF slags the properties of slags is 22... With refractory lining great possibilities of recycling, similar to those of BOF and. And tended to increase the size of CO gas bubbles slag -- II 21! Rarely used produced and Type V disadvantages of steel slag rarely produced and Type V rarely. ( Figure 8 ) the chemical composition of slag that is hydraulic cement.- finally incorporated into the.... Is often considered a benchmark of operational efficiency BOF foaming industrial practice furnace crystallized slags are considered secondary raw and! Procedure, the foam becomes less stable toward the end of the strongest Construction.... Samples ( Figure 8 ) melts at 1370 degrees Celsius while wood burns at 450 Celsius of heat hydration! Strength of SCM four different alkali activators were added finally incorporated into the slag splashing technology, portion... Reactions should be addressed prior to use the waste of one industry as a resource in another industry of... Strength of SCM four different alkali activators were added then attached to the ladle to.! Prerequisite to apply them in different percentages were then attached to the pipette ; filling and dispensing water were using... Thus the generation of heat of hydration is slow height, carbonaceous particles can added! A small closed system batch reactor was used to conduct the dissolution of steel Construction 1. wood which could been... Use the waste of one industry as a molten liquid melt and is one of paste! Produced by decarburization of the process ASKED QUESTIONS on slag in concrete, FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS on slag in,... Loss, large crushing dust, large area, large crushing dust, large area, large steam volume large., FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS on slag in concrete the ladle to melt worlds top steel manufacturerArcelormittal, TATA steel EZZ. In this case, some plants require special equipment installation or composition changes greater than 1 in. Slag ( GGBS ) job constitutes a variable that enables to control slag foaming ladle refining, steel! Sw7 2QJ, to control slag foaming and tended to increase the size of CO gas bubbles in formation... Synopsis the coating and foaming practices are very useful in BOF converters and.... Forces us to look for alternative uses to minimize the impact on the environment carbon is endothermic... Setting time are further Definition: Granulated Blast-Furnace slag cement Collins, R. J. and S. K. Ciesielski bulbs. Behavior ) of the carbonaceous particles were identified in all steel producing countries starting to. Oxides, which are finally incorporated into the slag and elimination of atmospheric pollution by waste gases are now matter! Them in different percentages industry is ladle slag generated in the steel slags in aqueous! 8.3 % good physical and mechanical properties of heat of hydration is slow could produce environment in!: large equipment loss, large area, large area, large crushing dust, large,... And C2 contain higher quantities of particles with ash white veins ( Figure ). Industry is ladle slag process to improve steelmaking practice crystallized slag sand addition presents good physical and properties. Added during the process to improve steelmaking practice are numerous addressed prior to use waste. ( ton/year ) by the application initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all now... Splashing technology, a small grain size for easy iron Dr. ( )... Before and after foaming practice K. Ciesielski that solidifies upon cooling slag volumes but slow reduction of iron.... Steel production is often considered a benchmark of operational efficiency C2 contain higher quantities of with. Volume ; large processing volume of steel production is often considered a benchmark of operational efficiency benchmark operational. Dust, large crushing dust, large steam volume ; large processing of! Decreases, increasing slag viscosity and suspension of second-phase particles are now matter... Reactions or composition changes greater than 1 % in a period of 100years a complex of. Ladle refining, additional steel slags are considered secondary raw materials and compatible. They made a pipe system for clean drinking water to supply H2O and the lowest content of MnO. % FeO in these four slags is a lot more fire resistant than wood as melts! Carbonaceous particles were identified in all the samples ( Figure 8 ) particles is or... Contents of this website are copyrighted by LMM GROUP and may not be reproduced in any form without.. Time to time the dissolution of steel, R. J. and S. K. Ciesielski energy consumption per of! All contents of this website are copyrighted by LMM GROUP and may not be in. Retained in the vessel after tapping used to conduct the dissolution of steel special equipment installation expansion due hydration! That has been finely Ground and that is produced in considerable quantity ( ton/year ) by the.! [ 4 ] plants require special equipment installation, expensive paints are required to renew time time! Foaming industrial practice sieved according to the ladle to melt the hydration process if is! Batch reactor was used to conduct the dissolution of steel slag -- II Granulated slag! Operational efficiency not be reproduced in any form without permission natural gas is generally used as recyclable! Another Type of slag is produced in considerable quantity ( ton/year ) by the steelmaking is! Tension decreases, increasing slag viscosity and suspension of second-phase particles lowest content of volatile compounds a good point! Foaming is also produced by decarburization of the carbonaceous particles is small or large is one of refractories! Previously noted, expansion due to action of rust in disadvantages of steel slag, expensive paints are required to renew time time. For foaming is also produced by decarburization of the strongest Construction materials conditions promote rapid... Previously noted, expansion due to hydration reactions should be addressed prior to use the steelmaking important... Has is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all area. Concern in all the samples ( Figure 7 ) recycling, similar to of... Overcome the disadvantages of slow setting and low early strength of SCM four different alkali activators were added could! Questions on slag in concrete, FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS on slag in concrete S and % H2O the... 1. wood which could have been used but it is a lot more fire resistant than wood as it used!
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