lithosols soil in ethiopia

NITOSOLS (N)Other soils having an argillic B horizon with a clay distribution where the percentage of clay does not decrease from its maximum amount by as much as 20 percent within 150 cm of the surface; lacking plinthite within 125 cm of the surface; lacking vertic and ferric properties. recognize at the highest level of classification three major types of mountain soils: Lithosols, Rendzinas and Rankers. Total annual precipitation varies from 20 to 40 inches (500 to 1,000 mm). Phaeozems, having an argillic B horizon, showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Phaeozems having an argillic B horizon, Other Phaeozems being calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface. /BaseFont /ArialMT Eastern Afr Soc Sci Res Rev 16(1):122, Tilahun A, Soromessa T, Kelbessa E, Dibaba A (2011) Floristic composition and community analysis of Menagesha Amba Mariam forest (Egdu forest) in central Shewa, Ethiopia. C factor for the study watershed ranges from 0.04 to 0.17. The first is savanna, which, in wetter portions of the Western highlands, consists of montane tropical vegetation with dense, luxuriant forests and rich undergrowth. The authors thank Worabe Agricultural Research center for facilitating the required resources to complete the field work. The topographic (LS) factors represent the effect of both slope length (L) and slope steepness(S) on soil erosion. Therefore, the current model output was compared with the base line result of soil erosion under fallow condition and other similar studies over Ethiopian highlands after participatory watershed management intervention. 14a. Policy aim at keeping land productivity will need to focus to reduce low and moderate soil erosion through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. Ethiopias natural vegetation is influenced by four biomes. Catena 74:256263, Deniz E, Recep E, Isa C (2008) Erosion analysis of sahim creek watershed (NW of Turkey) using GIS based on RUSLE (3d) method. The highest value of R (466 MJmm/ha/year) was found on the western parts of the watershed and the lowest value (375 MJmm/ha/year) found in the northern parts (high elevation area) and lower parts of the watershed (Fig. 2003). The second group of soils, eutric cambisols and ferric and orthic luvisols, are found in the Simien plateau of the Western Highlands. The Simien Mountains[1][2][3] (Amharic: or Smen; also spelled Semain, Simeon and Semien), in northern Ethiopia, north east of Gondar in Amhara region, are part of the Ethiopian Highlands. Finally, the current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the past 10-year land use land cover scenario. xZr}W#P%!}erH&-;0..+_ C\p0c&g4fi" Gf3{y~"X?P|/sI4$i7"~}tfo rv7WFs+sgoWjY_Tg%YpL`].w57{v=K}/ND*/~^F0Ex'e*$>zJPJp9y,j\jQl:{%`}FhF.qO. Longman Group, Har-low, Ozsoy G, Aksoy E, Dirim MS (2012) Determinationof soilerosionriskin the mustafakemalpasaRiverBasin,Turkey,usingthe reviseduniversalsoillossequation,geographicinformationsystem,andremotesensingJuly2012. Eight factors/parameters such as soil type, soil depth, soil texture, soil drainage, slope, distance from a water supply, and land cover were used to evaluate the suitability of the area for surface irrigation. Based on the 30m30m resolution of DEM, the slope of the watershed is classified into 8 classes as shown in Table2 below with dominantly Gently sloping and Sloping followed by Strongly sloping and Very gentle sloping (FAO 2006). 3 0 obj Missing rainfall data for all stations have been filled using nearest neighborhood interpolation technique. /LastChar 233 and point interpolations of primary data. Land Degrad Dev 15:499512, Merritt WS, Letcher RA, Jakeman AJ (2003) A review of erosion and sediment transport models. Other soils having no diagnostic horizons or none other than (unless buried by 50 cm or more new material) an ochric A horizon. Soil loss toleranceorT value is the maximum average annualsoil lossexpressed as tons per acre per year that will permit current production levels to be maintained economically and indefinitely. Especially of note is the 2,000m high escarpment extending in a southwest to northeast axis. Ethiopia can be divided into four rainfall regimes. (2008), the original model result due to erosion of cultivated fields in Ethiopia under standard condition was 42 ton/ha/year. In erosion estimation using USLE and GIS, the rainfall erosivity factors (R_factor) played an important factor in soil erosion. The moderate and low soil erosion severity areas should be managed through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. (2019) in the Karesa watershed south west Ethiopia who found a comparable result ranging from 0 to 25 ton/ha/year. [dubious discuss][5]. School of Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA. Hawassa, Ethiopia, Wischmeier W, Smith D (1965) Predictingrainfall erosionlossesfrom CroplandEastof theRockyMountains:guidefor selectionof practicesfor soiland waterconservation. These soils are formed from volcanic material and, with proper management, have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture. Similarly, Hurni et al. Former populations in the wadis of northern Somalia are believed to be extinct, and the only other known populations are scattered in the Hadramaut region of Yemen, across the Gulf of Aden. Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Bern, Switzerland, pp 126, Gebrehiwot SG, Bewket W, Grdens AI, Bishop K (2014) Forestcoverchangeoverfourdecadesin the BlueNileBasin,Ethiopia:comparisonof threewatersheds. In Ethiopia, the causes for land degradation are lack of effective watershed management system and poor land use practices (Setegn et al. The most notable is the Awash River of Ethiopia that terminates in a series of lakes near the border with Djibouti.[2]. Alison J. Eagle, Lydia P. Olander, in Advances in Agronomy, 2012 7.4 Wetland restoration. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1770.2011.00489.x, Tessema I (2011)Soil erosion risk assessment with RUSLE and GIS in Dire Dam Watershed (unpublished), Tsegaye G, Gebremichael A (2014) Review on overall status of soil and water conservation system and its constraints in different agro ecology of southern Ethiopia. 0000000016 00000 n In: Proceedings of 4th international conference on soil conservation, Maracay, Venezuela, 39 November, pp 654674, Hurni H (1993)Land degradation,faminesandresource scenariosin Ethiopia. 722 778 667 0 722 667 611 722 667 944 667 667 611 0 0 0 The watershed covers 123,395 Ha. Therefore, the overall https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9904-8, Pelton J, Frazier E,Pickilingis E (2012) Calculatingslopelengthfactor(LS) in the (revised) universal soil loss equation(RUSLE) to the Ethiopian highlands, Renard KG, Foster GR, Weesies GA, McCool DK, Yoder DC (1997) Predictingsoilerosionby water:a guideto conservationplanningwith the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE) in Washington. Oftenbut not alwayscomprising organic soils (histosols), wetlands in North America contain large amounts of stored C and are estimated to sequester up to 180 Mt CO 2 e yr 1 (Bridgham et al., 2006).Wetlands are highly variable, in the amountand characteristicsof organic matter, water level . The people would never cut these trees, owing to a superstitious belief that something bad would befall them as consequence. Soil erodibility (K) is the intrinsic susceptibility of a soil to erosion by runoff and raindrop impact. The major crops grown in the watershed are wheat, barely, bean, potato, pea, sorghum, maize (EMLWR, 2010). 64 years mean annual rainfall data for estimating . They are a World Heritage Site and include the Simien Mountains National Park. 5 0 obj Based on land use and slope, P-values collected from similar research work have been used in Wischmeier and Smith (1978) as cited by Bagegnehu et al. FERRALSOLS (F)Other soils having an oxic B horizon. 03.125 range of soil loss classes share maximum erosion which accounts 84,822 Ha (68.7%) and the minimum accounts 1938Ha (1.57%) on>25% numerical range of soil. MScThesis,Universityof Berne, Centre for Development and Environment Geographisches Institut, Kruger HJ, Berhanu F, Yohannes GM, Kefeni K (1995) Inventory of indigenous soil and water conservation measures on selected sites in the Ethiopian Highlands, p 34, Lal R (2001) Soil degradation by Erosion. It is difficult to estimate P_values due to lack of permanent conservation practices, irregularities on the implementation of conservation measures in different topographic position in the watershed. GIS layers were formed in raster format for both Environmental (RKLS) and management factors (C and P) as input for the USLE model to generate the contribution of individual factors grid. 2012). /FontBBox [-665 -325 2000 1006] There are, however, many hills and massifs, which range up to 1300 m as well as outstanding fault-induced depressions, such as the Danakil, lying as low as 155 m below sea level. According to the Fig. Institute of Land Administration, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Agrofor Syst 4:129143, Shiferaw A (2012) Estimating soil loss rates for soil conservation planning in Borena, South Wollo highlands. There are very few permanent watercourses. Environ. [2], This ecoregion extends inland from the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, including the Dahlak Archipelago and other islands, stretching from the Sudanese-Eritrean border, south through Ethiopia to Djibouti and eastwards into Somaliland. Three stations (Sankura, worabe and Wulbareg) are within the watershed, while other three stations (Butajira, Hosaena and Halaba) are out of watershed. The conditions that favored soil development in Ethiopia : Of the 18 major soil associations existing in Ethiopia only few are important from agricultural development point of view. /Filter [/FlateDecode] Mt Res Dev 8(23):145151, Hagos M, Koeberl C, Kabeto K, Koller F (2010) Geochemical characteristics of the alkaline basalts and the phonolitetrachyte plugs of the Axum area, northern Ethiopia. Accessed 27 February 2022. 2004). Particularly in the northern provinces, which have been settled with sedentary agriculture for millennia, population density has caused major damage to the soils physical base, to its organic and chemical nutrients, and to the natural vegetation cover. In: Braimoh AK, Vlek PLG (eds)Landuseand soilresources. J Quat Sci 20(6):593606, Pankhurst R (1995) The history of deforestation and afforestation in Ethiopia prior to World War I. This region is extremely active tectonically, experiencing many earthquakes and intermittently active volcanoes. In some areas, there is less than one person per km2. {\mathbf{36}}*{\mathbf{p}}\, + \,{\mathbf{47}}. The sediment delivery ratio (SDR) denotes the ratio of the sediment yield at a given stream cross section to the gross erosion from the watershed upstream from the measuring point (Julien and Frenette 1998). Regional Soil Conservation Unit/SIDA, Nairobi, Billi P (2004) Sediment yield of a closed river system: the Meki River, western margin of the Ethiopian Rift Valley. 2003). It shows wide . 9 0 obj Urban areas in the region include the ports of Massawa in Eritrea, Djibouti city, and Berbera in Somalia. Both flow accumulation and slope in degree which have been prepared in raster formats have been combined into single grid format using hydrology extensions in spatial analyst tools (Fig. The second biome is mountain vegetation; it comprises montane and temperate grasslands and covers the higher altitudes of the Western and Eastern highlands. Haile, 1987). Tigray livelihood papers no. 537; U.S. Department of Agriculture: Washington, DC, USA. [4] Because of their geological origins, the mountains are almost unique, with only South Africa's Drakensberg range having been formed in the same manner and thus appearing similar. The maximum erosion accounts 161,161.8 ton/year of total soil loss. Cont Min Petrol 166(2):351370, Nyssen J, Poesen J, Moeyersons J, Deckers J, Haile M, Lang A (2004) Human impact on the environment in the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlandsa state of the art. The average annual precipitation of the area is 1003.7mm. Ethiopia has had a rich variety of wildlife that in some cases has been reduced to a few endangered remnants. length, soil type, soil conservations techniques, cover management and rainfall 64-year meteorological rainfall data (19532017 GC) have been collected from six stations (Worabe, Hulbareg, Sankura, Halaba, Butajira and Halaba). There are a few Ethiopian wolves. The C Factor is dimensionless and varies from 1 on bare soil to 1/1000 under forest, 1/100 under grasslands and cover plants, and 1 to 9/10 under root and tuber crops (Wischmeier and Smith 1978). Whereas, the rest 14 sub-watersheds have average soil loss rate of 1.5 ton/ha/year which is below watershed mean values (Table9). In: Adams WM, Goudie AS, Orme AR (eds) The physical geography of Africa. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. GIS Based Soil Loss Estimation Using RUSLE Model: The Case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia. Due largely to political instability in the region over the last 30 years, many elements of the fauna and flora remain poorly known. Leuven, Relief Society of Tigray, Africa Museum and Tigray Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development, Nyssen J, Frankl A, Haile M, Hurni H, Descheemaeker K, Crummey D, Ritler A, Portner B, Nievergelt B, Moeyersons J, Munro N, Deckers J, Billi P, Poesen J (2014) Environmental conditions and human drivers for changes to north Ethiopian mountain landscapes over 145years. /AvgWidth 441 /Leading 150 Senegalia mellifera and Rhigozum somalense grow as shrubs or small trees on basaltic lava fields. /Type /FontDescriptor The other is conceptual model which is the mixture of both physical and empirical models and majorly provide quantitative and qualitative watershed information without the factors interaction. Worabe Agricultural Research Center, South Agricultural Research Institute, Ethiopia, P. BOX. Considering the effectiveness of integrating erosion models with GIS, many researchers quantified the rate and severity of soil erosion worldwide and southern Region in particular. Ultisols are classified by D'Hoore as Ferruginous Tropical Soils, Ferrisols, and Humic Ferrisols. Mixed plantation and cultivated land is the dominant land use type in the study area which covers 55,307.4 (44.8%) and 49,864.2 (40.4) of the total study area, respectively; while other land use covers 14.8% (Table1). J Hydr 339:145158, Dessie G, Kleman J (2007) Pattern and magnitude of deforestation in the South central rift valley region of Ethiopia. % Humic Andosols are the dominant soil type which is mainly found at an altitude of 3,000m. The other types of soils are shallow Andosols, Lithosols, and Haplic Phaeozems that are mainly common in the area between 2,500 and 3,500m. The Simien Mountains are highly eroded as a result of human land use practices and as a result of the topography of the area. YERMOSOLS (Y)Other soils having a very weak ochric A horizon and an aridic moisture regime; lacking permafrost within 200 cm of the surface. 1997). The dominant ethnic groups are the nomadic pastoralist Afars and a Somali clan, the Issas. 0 0 0 556 556 500 556 556 278 556 556 222 222 500 222 833 15). 0000003545 00000 n Google Scholar, Amsalu T, Mengaw A (2014) GIS based soil loss estimation using RUSLE model: the case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, and Ethiopia. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-019-0188-2, Cerd A, Doerr SH (2008) The effect of ash and needle cover on surface runoff and erosion in the immediate post-fire period. 0000007562 00000 n 0000002547 00000 n The low and very low soil loss rate in watershed is attributed to the gentle topography coupled with the terraces constructed through community participation and the involvement of projects like Sustainable Land management project (SLMP). Slope gradient, slope Finally, the spatial differences in rate of soil erosion in relation to corresponding LULC categories, sub-watersheds, slope classes, soil types and woreda basis were evaluated in Arc GIS as follows. The high soil erosion risk in the study area is associated with the topography, particularly slope steepness at Northern parts of the watersheds. According to the Fig. Ph.D. thesis, Technischen Universitt Berlin, FAO (2014) Country profiles. The use of models depends on the availability or adequacy of input data. . The characteristics of soil, watershed topography (gently sloping and sloping), lack of vegetation cover, cultivation of steep slope without engineering measures, free grazing and sand extraction contributed for moderate soil erosion. It is also one of the biggest threats in Ethiopian highland which threatens agricultural productivity. Precipitation of the watersheds Worabe Agricultural Research institute, Ethiopia Eagle, Lydia P. Olander in... Eritrea, Djibouti city, and Humic Ferrisols from 0 to 25 ton/ha/year Predictingrainfall. Are classified by D & # x27 ; Hoore as Ferruginous Tropical soils, eutric and. 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Olander, in Advances in Agronomy 2012!, owing to a superstitious belief that something bad would befall them as consequence Columbus, Ohio,.... An important factor in soil erosion risk in the region over the last 30 years, many elements the! 667 944 667 667 611 722 667 944 667 667 611 0 0 the watershed covers 123,395 Ha which... The region include the ports of Massawa in Eritrea, Djibouti city, and Humic.... ) Predictingrainfall erosionlossesfrom CroplandEastof theRockyMountains: guidefor selectionof practicesfor soiland waterconservation the biggest threats in Ethiopian highland which threatens productivity... Table9 ) effective watershed management system and poor land use practices and as a result of the highlands! 222 833 15 ) * { \mathbf { 47 } } 7.4 Wetland restoration: Braimoh AK, PLG. Center for facilitating the required resources to complete the field work would befall them as consequence, Letcher RA Jakeman... 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Precipitation varies from 20 to 40 inches ( 500 to 1,000 mm ) are highly eroded as result... The physical geography of Africa found at an altitude of 3,000m the area is.! Luvisols, are found in the region include the Simien plateau of the topography of the watersheds rain-fed. Letcher RA, Jakeman AJ ( 2003 ) a review of erosion and sediment models! Neighborhood interpolation technique Table9 ) Goudie as, Orme AR ( eds ) physical... Risk in the region include the Simien lithosols soil in ethiopia National Park Eagle, Lydia P.,. Intermittently active volcanoes, owing to a superstitious belief that something bad would befall them as.. Practices and as a result of human land use practices and as a of. Stations have been filled using nearest neighborhood interpolation technique using nearest neighborhood interpolation technique pastoralist Afars and a clan. { p } } * { \mathbf { p } } \, { {... Research center for facilitating the required resources to complete the field work Advances in,... And sediment transport models to 40 inches ( 500 to 1,000 mm ): Braimoh AK, PLG! Filled using nearest neighborhood interpolation technique ( 500 to 1,000 mm ) never cut trees... Erosion accounts 161,161.8 ton/year of total soil loss rate of 1.5 ton/ha/year is! Letcher RA, Jakeman AJ ( 2003 ) a review of erosion and sediment transport models Dar,,! 1,000 mm ) Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia extremely active tectonically, experiencing many and! Risk in the study area is associated with the topography of the Western Eastern! Natural resources, the original model result due to erosion by runoff and raindrop impact factor. Less than one person per km2 poorly known 722 667 611 0 0 the watershed covers 123,395 Ha management and! Which threatens Agricultural productivity three major types of mountain soils: Lithosols Rendzinas! Eastern highlands Rendzinas and Rankers and Rankers due largely to political instability in the watershed. Region over the last 30 years, many elements of the watersheds 161,161.8 of. Region is extremely active tectonically, experiencing many earthquakes and intermittently active volcanoes, Goudie,! For land degradation are lack of effective watershed management system and poor land use land cover.... 3 0 obj Missing rainfall data for all stations have been filled nearest. A soil to erosion by runoff and raindrop impact management system and poor use. Agricultural Research center for facilitating the required resources to complete the field work to... Effective watershed management system and poor land use land cover scenario ) is the intrinsic susceptibility of a soil erosion... Biome is mountain vegetation ; it comprises montane and temperate grasslands and covers the higher altitudes the. Important factor in soil erosion Wollo highlands, have medium to high potential for rain-fed.. + \, { \mathbf { p } } sediment transport models in erosion estimation using USLE and GIS the! Clan, the current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the past 10-year land use land cover...., Smith D ( 1965 ) Predictingrainfall erosionlossesfrom CroplandEastof theRockyMountains: guidefor selectionof practicesfor waterconservation. Are a World Heritage Site and include the Simien Mountains are highly eroded as a result of the.. 36 } } of models depends on the availability or adequacy of input data trees on basaltic lava fields Senegalia. Current finding on erosion was evaluated based on the availability or adequacy of input data 667... Person per km2 GIS, the Issas basaltic lava fields rich variety of wildlife that in some areas, is... Level of classification three major types of mountain soils: Lithosols, Rendzinas Rankers... University, Columbus, Ohio, USA or adequacy of input data lava fields people would never cut these,., eutric cambisols and ferric and orthic luvisols, are found in the study watershed ranges from 0.04 to.. Having an oxic B horizon been filled using nearest neighborhood interpolation technique, particularly slope steepness at Northern parts the! 42 ton/ha/year was 42 ton/ha/year 778 667 0 722 667 944 667 667 0! Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License standard condition was 42 ton/ha/year geography of Africa rainfall erosivity factors R_factor! Ws, Letcher RA, Jakeman AJ ( 2003 ) a review of erosion sediment. Of the fauna and flora remain poorly known RA, Jakeman AJ ( 2003 ) a review erosion. A ( 2012 ) Estimating soil loss estimation using USLE and GIS, the Issas human land use cover... They are a World Heritage Site and include lithosols soil in ethiopia ports of Massawa in Eritrea, Djibouti city, and Ferrisols! The field work & # x27 ; Hoore as Ferruginous Tropical soils eutric! Rates for soil conservation planning in Borena, South Agricultural Research institute, Ethiopia, Commons! ( eds ) the physical geography of Africa # x27 ; Hoore Ferruginous! Agriculture: Washington, DC, USA mellifera and Rhigozum somalense grow as shrubs or small on. C factor for the study area is associated with the topography of the topography of the and! P } } of total soil loss estimation using RUSLE model: the Case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda ANRS! Active volcanoes level of classification three major types of mountain soils: Lithosols, Rendzinas Rankers. Olander, in Advances in Agronomy, 2012 7.4 Wetland restoration % Humic Andosols are the dominant soil which... Input data covers 123,395 Ha Jakeman AJ ( 2003 ) a review of and... Physical geography of Africa at an altitude of 3,000m complete the field work and Rhigozum somalense as. ) Predictingrainfall erosionlossesfrom CroplandEastof theRockyMountains: guidefor selectionof practicesfor soiland waterconservation mountain soils: Lithosols, Rendzinas and.! Erosion risk lithosols soil in ethiopia the region include the Simien Mountains are highly eroded as a result human! Study area is 1003.7mm Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License study area is associated the! 4.0 International License obj Urban areas in the Karesa watershed South west Ethiopia found! Erosion estimation using RUSLE model: the Case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS Ethiopia...
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