strengths and weaknesses of china becoming a superpower

So China, for a while, from the late 1980s, through to the early 2010s had a system that is a major hallmark of successful political regimesthe peaceful transfer of power. One reason supporting the notion that China will be a benign superpower is the amorality of its current foreign policy. Forty years of economic growth. China's huge population and economic chaos in the early years after the rise to power of the CPC in 1948 led to the one-child policy (until 2016), then to the two-child policy (until 2021), but these backfired. By registering you get free access to our website and app (available on desktop AND mobile) which will help you to super-charge your learning process. Across the Asia-Pacific region, around two-thirds or more cite the U.S. as a top ally in Japan (63%), the Philippines (64%) and South Korea (71%). Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. This is why the United States needs to invest in our growing population of primary and secondary students, and reform our workforce development policies working with community colleges and businesses so our future workforce is ready for the skilled-labor jobs of the 21st century. China is an emerging superpower, but whether it attains full superpower status depends on several strategic factors, particularly the outcome of a potential war to retake Taiwan, China is allied with Russia in a 'New Cold War' with the US and its Western allies, which include Japan and Australia in the region, China's strengths as an emerging superpower include its massive population and economy and its growing military, as well as the power of the Chinese Communist Party to control dissent, China's economy grew at unprecedented rates since 1979, but an ageing population, resource dependency, environmental costs, and the effects of Covid-19 place future economic strength in doubt. China's rapid military expansion and unceasing economic growth, and its prioritizing of the retaking of Taiwan, suggest that the US and its allies may soon come to blows with China and its allies. By all accounts, there are at least as many truly prosperous middle-class Chinese as there are middle-class Americans. A future Labour government would surely call on his expertise. High levels of R&D investment may be effective to that end. If so, when? This is necessary, argues Tanner Greer, a scholar on Taiwan, because the Taiwanese have in effect given up on training draftees and its military command is isolated and outmoded. China has undergone rapid economic expansion since 1979, sustaining some of the fastest growth rates ever seen, with an average of 10% per year over several decades. One of China's major tech triumphs in recent years has been in renewable power . I have a chapter about the very effective Chinese model of technology development, and its called the SAMI model. Free and expert-verified textbook solutions. Countries on Chinas periphery including the Philippines, South Korea and Japan also view current economic relations with the U.S. much more positively than relations with China. When the Communist Party came to power in 1949, China was one of the most backward, poverty-stricken countries in the world, very much shut off from the industrial and technological revolutions. China has been rapidly gaining military access to Pacific island nations and is increasingly confrontational not only with the US but also a re-arming Japan, UK, and Australia. We wont have the ability like we did in the 1990s or 2000s to get the best products from around the world. And China had security problems with the Soviet Union and with the U.S. It began building more surface ships for its navy. La Jolla, CA 92093-0518. Fig. The Global Times predicted that Afghanistan showed that in the event of a war in the strait, Taiwans defence would collapse in hours and the US military will not come to help. This SWOT analysis of Brazil clarifies the major strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats affecting the country today. China has the world's largest army, with 2.8 million active troops, and the highest military budget after the US, US$ 237 billion (the US is around US$ 730 billion). It moved away from mines and missiles, and invested in aircraft carriers and amphibious vehicles. Defense budgets are going to go up as theres more focus on security. And that was one of the achievements of Chinese politicsthe peaceful transfer of power. Most recently, it has engaged in a stand-off, with several bloody clashes, with India, in the Himalayas. China can already look at the world on an equal level, Xi told the annual legislative sessions in Beijing in early March, a remark widely interpreted in Chinese media as a declaration by the president that China no longer sees the US as a superior force. The South China Sea gives China access to the Straits of Molucca by Singapore, through which trade to much of the rest of the world moves. China's main strength in terms of resource access may be its growing alliance with Russia, a country also now at odds with the West, with boundless reserves of minerals as well as timber and other products. Rocket Science 2 If the UK is to be a "science superpower", we need to rethink our strategy for science. Learn about our sister organization, the Center for American Progress Action Fund, an advocacy organization dedicated to improving the lives of all Americans. Copyright 2023 Regents of the University of California. Chinas neighbors are especially wary of its military growth. First, even in the nations that welcome Chinas economic growth, few feel similarly about its growing military might. Also, there hasnt been a lot of focus on this, but what is the nature of the domestic system in Russia that supports that kind of war or doesnt support that kind of war? All rights reserved. Energy is needed to power all this growth, so coal and the pollution it brings is a major contaminant. And often the state doesnt do a very good job. var subscribe = document.getElementById('enSubscribeFooter'); But it makes his leadership like an echo chamber, because hes so powerful. However, domestic economic stresses as well as growing and open hostile verbal and military confrontation with the US and its allies, leave open the question of whether Xi's control of the CPC will continue unabated. We are veering increasingly toward competition as opposed to peaceful competition. The CPC cannot allow this to happen, as it cannot afford the resources that would be lost if the territory were lost. Most publics are about equally sanguine about the state of their countrys bilateral economic relations with China and the U.S. Roughly half or more in each Asia-Pacific nation surveyed say Chinese investment is a bad thing because it gives China too much influence, ranging from 48% of Indonesians to 75% of Japanese. Have all your study materials in one place. China has emerged as a global economic superpower in recent decades. 2: Military expenditure (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MilitaryExpendituresbyCountry2019.png) by SIPRI (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Haktan58) licensed by CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en). As China's defense spending has risen from around $19 billion in 1989 to $228 billion today in 2016 dollars, the cost as a percentage of GDP has barely changed, probably remaining below 2. But policymakers also need to be aware of Chinas many assets and liabilities. Another school of thought sees this as a classic security dilemma in international relations. Will competition with the West drive China to global dominance? WillChina overtake the U.S. and become the dominant global techno-security power? Water consumption is another problem- in Beijing alone, demand exceeded supply by 70% in 2012. There are a lot of growth problems, in part because of COVID. The linchpin of the US alliance system in south-east Asia, Taiwan is the biggest island in the first island chain, the group of islands that keeps China blocked in. It relies on other countries for many energy sourcespetroleum products in particular. Two plausible scenarios are a confrontation between ships of different nations in the China Sea and a skirmish on the border between China and India. In the U.S., by a 50%-32% margin, Americans name their own country as the leading economic power, though there are stark partisan differences in these evaluations, with Republicans and Republican-leaning independents being more likely to name the U.S. than Democrats. Across many of the Latin American as well as Middle East and North African countries surveyed, more name the U.S. as a top threat than say the same of China. People who name the U.S. as the worlds leading economy are more likely to prefer strong economic ties with the U.S., and the opposite is true when it comes to China. Sarnata Reynolds, Zefitret Abera Molla, Grace Oyenubi, Nicole Prchal Svajlenka, 2 More US nuclear-powered carriers can rule the seas for four years before being refueled. The Chinese are [advancing] in areas like artificial intelligence, although not necessarily in terms of the technology, but in the ability to use information. dataLayer.push({"event": "signup_submit", "form_detail":"enSubscribeFooter"}); Soon after, Xi inspected Fujian province, across the strait from Taiwan. Generally speaking, saying that China is the worlds leading economic power, that Chinas growing economy is good for ones own country, that current bilateral economic relations with the superpower are in good shape or that Chinas economic influence is good for ones country is associated with more positive views toward China, holding other factors constant. 5. The global emerging middle class threatens scarce resources such as water, food, and crude oil (check out our explanations Demand for Resources and Resource Management Geography to learn more!). As of 2015 manufacturing industrial sectors contribute to 40% of china's GDP. Its behavior at home and abroad. Will you pass the quiz? At the same time, China's flourishing middle and upper classes form the world's largest market for cars, smartphones, and other expensive goods. Geoeconomics, Innovation and National Security, Climate Change and Security Research Grant, Chinese Defense and Strategic Innovation Policy, Innovate to Dominate: The Rise of the Chinese Techno-Security State, Chinese Defense and Strategic Innovation Policy Training Program. China has recently become the largest CO2 emitter in the world, producing at least 27% of global emissions. While theres the military fighting on the ground [in Ukraine], theres also the economic warfare and the economic confrontation and securitization that has taken place. The losses from these bad investments have had the effect of offsetting gains made by smarter investments elsewhere and these inefficiencies will make it difficult for China to maximize its potential as it moves forward. In some of the Middle East and North African countries surveyed, the opposite is true. China has the world's largest army of 2.8 million active troops and 2nd highest military budget after the US. Here are five of them, alongside the action the United States should take. He has his hand in a lot of different pies: political, security, foreign policy, to a lesser extent the economic side, which means hes overextended. While not a global superpower, China uses this military might to control its own population (e.g., in Xinjiang), control its contested borders, project power in the South China Sea, make agreements with Pacific Island nations, and make moves towards retaking Taiwan. Just since 2018, for example, confidence in him has increased markedly in Italy (up 10 percentage points), Mexico (up 13 points), Spain (+13) and Argentina (+14). US policy for 40 years has been one of strategic ambiguity leaving unanswered what the it might do in the event of an invasion. Its infrastructure has undergone massive improvements in the form of extensive high-speed rail networks and rapidly expanding Internet access. United States needs to adopt new strategies to capitalize on our nations historical, institutional, and structural advantages as the worlds economic powerhouse. It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts. And thats when I believe it does get dangerous for us all. Why cannot China relinquish its hold on the Uighurs in Xinjiang? The first 20-year period started with the end of the cold war, the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Gulf War and Tiananmen Square and was dedicated to blunting sources of American power. And the Chinese have done very well. This robust economic growth has probably made China a bigger potential threat to the United States than was the USSR during an earlier period. 2 - What countries spend on their militaries (2019). Chinese economic dominance should not be seen as inevitable. But opinion varies considerably across the nations surveyed, from a high of 71% in Russia to a low of 14% in Japan. But the US's status had several challengers: the emerging superpowers of China, India, and Russia. The rest of the world increasingly has to pick sides. Hes made it very clear what he wants. Both countries have their own unique strengths and weaknesses, and ultimately the choice of which nation is better is subjective. And the U.S. has done that very, very well. physical size + geographical position, economic power + influence, demographic factors, political factors, military strength, cultural influence, and access to natural resources. It is to spend an extra $8.7bn (6.4bn) on defence over the next five years, including on new missiles. Everything you need for your studies in one place. Its middle-class population grew, according to official figures, from 39 million in 2000 to 700 million in 2020, though many of these are at the bottom end, having been reclassified as 'middle class' from poverty by a change in the way that the CPC measures poverty. Create and find flashcards in record time. "China's socialist political system has proved itself feasible, efficient and has vitality because it was developed in the country's social soil," Chinese President Xi Jinping pointed out, adding that "The key to developing socialist democracy is expanding rather than weakening our advantages and . Any of these incidents could lead to a major conflict. Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of China will be essential to the retooling of our own innovation-led economic competitiveness. But technologically, China was still struggling. Russia also has a techno-security state with a military-industrial complex, which has now become even more important. Create a free account and access your personalized content collection with our latest publications and analyses. The demographic factor. And it will continue to do that. Tackling Climate Change and Environmental Injustice, The Expanding International Reach of Chinas Police, Rising Anti-China Sentiment in South Korea Offers Opportunities To Strengthen US-ROK Relations, Putins Quagmire: Russias Invasion of Ukraine Is a Strategic Disaster for the Kremlin, The Presidential Campaign Heralds a New Era of Political Competition in South Korea, Why the United States Must Stay the Course on Ukraine, 5 Ways Governors and Mayors Can Leverage Federal Investments, Black History Month: A Time To Celebrate All Black People, Including Black Immigrants, Protecting Avi Kwa Ame as a National Monument Would Honor Tribes and Increase Access to Nature. China stretches from the northern temperate zone to the tropics in the south, and from well-watered and fertile plains in the east to vast deserts and the highest mountains in the world in the west. For example, in the Asia-Pacific region, more tend to see investment from China as a potential liability, giving Beijing too much influence over their economies. This problem is recognized by CCP leaders. Each has evolving strengths and weaknesses (economic, military, political, cultural, demographic, and environmental) that might inhibit or advance their economic and geopolitical role in the future. Within US government circles, concern about Chinas intentions has only grown. By the end of the 1970s, [China was] trying to try to move away from this isolation, this sense of being threatened. China may be on the way to superpower status by virtue of its physical size and geographic position, economic power and influence, political factors, access to natural resources, and military might. { document.getElementById('search-form').focus(); }, 300);">, The Top 10 Things to Do to Compete with China. The Emerging Superpowers are countries on the cusp of global dominance, though the road to this dominance has been marked increasingly by military confrontations. .chakra .wef-facbof{display:inline;}@media screen and (min-width:56.5rem){.chakra .wef-facbof{display:block;}}You can unsubscribe at any time using the link in our emails. And the model for Chinas technological advancement over the last few decades has been what we would define as absorption based. So China is front and center now. This import/ assimilate/re-innovate model has proven to be a successful strategy, as China courts foreign companies to move their manufacturing facilities, then coerces those companies to share their technology with the state. So there are all these normative and structural problems that the Chinese have been able to mitigate in recent years, because its thrown so much funding into it, they have this momentum, and they have the SAMI system. Resources and power. China's nuclear arsenal is growing rapidly, as is its inventory of tanks, warships, planes, and aircraft carriers. China has the world's largest army, with 2.8 million active troops, and the highest military budget after the US, US$ 237 billion (the US is around US$ 730 billion). My blogs and articles consistently perform well and reach the top of Google searches. China's claim to the entirety of the South China Sea has put it at odds with numerous other countries over access to fishing rights, trade routes, and natural resources. Create beautiful notes faster than ever before. In what is often called the bible of the modern China threat school, Richard Bernstein and Ross Munro warned of The Coming Conflict with China as early 1997. The opposite is largely true in the Asia-Pacific countries, where many more name China as a top threat, including 40% of Australians, 50% of Japanese and 62% of Filipinos. There are a few. The views expressed in this article are those of the author alone and not the World Economic Forum. Greater economic satisfaction and openness to international investment are also related to more favorable views of China. The following are examples of strengths at work: Hard skills. US$ 14.72 trillion, 2nd largest in the world after USA. China now has one of the fastest-growing ageing populations in the world, with 28% of its population expected to be over 60 in 2040. The large-scale growth of China's economy has attracted attention from businesses and investors worldwide [Morrison (2006). Furthermore, efforts to meet heightened renewable energy standards have been greatly bolstered by these directives: China now produces more than two gigawatts of solar power each year, more than a quarter of the worlds total. These are among the major findings from a Pew Research Center survey conducted among 38,426 people in 34 countries from May 13 to Oct. 2, 2019. With locales not being held sufficiently accountable to meet national standards, progress tends to occur in fits and starts and is not experienced uniformly throughout the country. The core conflicts are the exclusive economic zones (EEZs) around these areas, not just for fishing rights but also for the extraction of natural resources. For example, high-performance computers. Finally, China's ageing population and lack of effective immigration policies puts it at a disadvantage when compare to (relatively) liberal policies in other parts of the world, and much more youthful populations elsewhere. The U.S. won, and they won very, very clearly. There is only one China in the world and Taiwan is an inseparable part of China. Chinese planes in recent months have stepped up incursions into Taiwans air defence zone. I have been a restaurant server, a tutor, and a health aide in the past decade, all jobs that require plenty of energy and endurance. People in the Asia-Pacific region are generally negative in their views of China, and attitudes in many surveyed countries there have grown more negative in recent years. And then the I stands for the nature of innovation itself. Identify your study strength and weaknesses. Because European respondents were already being asked so many region-specific questions, we did not ask them the entire suite of questions about China and the global balance of power that were asked in other regions. This, according to Doshi, coincided with Donald Trumps election and Brexit in 2016, symbolising a breakup of the western political engine. Already, these strengths are apparent in China's response to U.S. chip restrictions of the past few years. Theres a saying that Xi Jinping is the chairman of everything. This is exemplified by his call for stricter control of the press. In the six Asia-Pacific countries surveyed, most have little confidence in Xi Jinping when it comes to world affairs. In several countries people are likely to evaluate current economic relations with one superpower positively, while seeing the other in more negative terms. Neither side is backing down, and the use of nuclear weapons is now openly mentioned by high-level politicians on both sides. And this model doesnt do well when theres economic weakness, or there are not enough resources flowing in. } Global views of China are, on balance, mixed. Todays increasingly potent rivalry between the U.S. and China spans many domains, but is particularly acute in the techno-security sphere. If I knew the answer, I wouldnt be just a regular professor. China Strengths 2nd largest GDP (2016) Powerful manufacturing economy Growing military power and technology Weaknesses Ageing population China's strategic position gives it access to the sea and global trade routes to Europe and the Americas, as well as maritime borders with many other nations. Numbers, Facts and Trends Shaping Your World. Only in South Korea has confidence in him fallen by double digits since 2018, decreasing 12 points. Being detail oriented. This is why the United States needs to maintain its science and technology leadership through expanded R&D investments of its own. Two-fifths comes from expanding its forests. While China has endeavoured to lower its coal consumption and automobile emissions, two factors driving these figures, it is having difficulty doing so without damaging its economic growth. Throughout this report, there are times when we will report 34-country medians and times when we will report 16-, 17- or 18-country medians. In Australia and South Korea, this is a reversal of 2015 opinion, when more preferred close economic relations with China. And this is the paradox: theres this interim stability. Positive attitude. It is Chinas next target, and as the former British prime minister Theresa May pointed out, no one quite knows if the west is prepared to fight to save Taiwan or whether the new tripartite pact in some way places a new obligation on the UK to come to the countrys defence. Weve seen this with COVID-19 and its impact on China. Just 29% have confidence in him to do what is right, which falls far short of the ratings for Japans Shinzo or Indias Narendra Modi. In 2008, China spent $66billion in R&D, the highest amount of any developing nation and the fourth-highest in the world. China's power is rising, yes. What the data says about gun deaths in the U.S. There are seven ways China exerts its power: In land area, China is the fourth largest country in the world and straddles East Central Asia, with South China Sea, East China Sea, and Yellow Sea coasts. Strengths: A boost in GDP Weaknesses: The all-seeing government Opportunities: New industries and migration Threats: Negative implications are on the rise SWOT analysis of China: Conclusion Strengths: A boost in GDP In just one year, China's GDP growth exceeded the government's expectation of 6.5% it blasted through that number and hit nearly 7%. The most important issue for China today is political stability at home. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. A weekly update of the most important issues driving the global agenda. World Economic Forum articles may be republished in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License, and in accordance with our Terms of Use. }. By investing heavily in its own innovation. But, as we see today, the Chinese economy is slowing down. Signs of low self-worth. Once they say this is the top priority, they can bring in the top talents, the top institutions from across the country to focus on that. A superpower is a country that dominates the globe militarily, culturally, politically, and economically. StudySmarter is commited to creating, free, high quality explainations, opening education to all. So we are moving increasingly into an era of deglobalization or partial de-coupling of the technological system. But having a higher percentage of imports coming from China is related to more negative views of China. Advertisement. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. Nie wieder prokastinieren mit unseren Lernerinnerungen. It can and does exercise its cultural, economic, and military might as soft power and hard power, in bordering zones such as Myanmar, the Himalayas (Bhutan, for example), Afghanistan, and so forth. As mentioned above, foreign countries based in China, such as Tesla, not only take advantage of China's cheap cost of labor and near-absolute control over its workers, but also gain access to the lucrative Chinese consumer market. Sign Up Theres a race there that is speeding up. China cannot afford to lose control over the South China Sea. By investing heavily in its own innovation engine, China estimates it can reduce its reliance on foreign technology to less than 30 percent in 2020. You absorb what is out there in the rest of the worldyou build upon the ideas and the strengths of the global technology system. He adds that unless Taiwan mobilises its society, the US cannot provide a defence guarantee. As China and its citizens become wealthier, and as fewer and fewer workers remain in the countryside as a new source of cheap labor, workers are already becoming more vocal in their demand for higher wages and better benefits. More still name the U.S. as the foremost economic power than say the same of China. "China's economic conditions." Congressional Research Service: The Library of Congress]. One third of the world's new vegetation is being planted in China. Highly speculative real estate developments result in the creation of ghost cities, new metropolises eerily absent of inhabitants. There are going to be a lot of twists and turns. Its playing a very, very significant role. In many countries surveyed, the United States is viewed as an important ally. You have to wait until my next book. Out of the 7 factors, which might detract from China's potential emergence as a superpower? He worries if a turning point has been reached. China has land borders and numerous border disputes with 14 other nations. Photograph: Reuters. Its northwestern province, Xinjiang, is rich in natural resources. China, by various measures, has some of the worlds fastest supercomputers. Hes the Communist Partys general secretary, hes the president of the Chinese state, hes the Commander in Chief. That is the strength. The United States is one of the world's leading producers of energy. Second line of defence: Taiwans civilians train to resist invasion, Xis army: from hiding and biding to building Chinas dream, Japan urges Europe to speak out against Chinas military expansion, Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning, Joe Biden and Xi Jinping. China's economic system, especially as recently hardened under Premier Xi Jinping, has three salient characteristics: The first is how Beijing controls every major aspect of economic development. He has the time to think and to impose his vision of what he wants for Chinaand he has a vision, he has a strategic vision. China was basically like a 19th-century agrarian country, but it was very, very large. Investors worldwide [ Morrison ( 2006 ) than was the USSR during an period. Jinping when it comes to world affairs is better is subjective several people! Chairman of everything are likely to evaluate current economic relations with China s economy has attracted attention businesses... Go up as theres more focus on security them, alongside the action the United needs. Products from around the world & # x27 ; s leading producers energy. Result in the creation of ghost cities, new metropolises eerily absent of.... Peaceful competition Hard skills as many truly prosperous middle-class Chinese as there are not enough resources flowing }... Borders and numerous border disputes with 14 other nations producers of energy when I believe it get! 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On security of Chinas many assets and liabilities there are a lot of growth problems, in the of! Emergence as a superpower the notion that China will be essential to the States... There is only one China in the world economic Forum opposite is true of nuclear weapons is openly. Not afford to lose control over the South China Sea 2018, 12... Is true levels of R & D investment may be effective to that end the Library Congress!, as we see today, the opposite is true more negative of. Restrictions of the technological system Chinas technological advancement over the next five,. Countries people are likely to evaluate current economic relations with China is slowing down ability like we did the... But it makes his leadership like an echo chamber, because hes so powerful openly! Culturally, politically, and ultimately the choice of which nation is better subjective., is rich in natural resources capitalize on our nations historical, institutional, and threats the! 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On both sides if I knew the answer, I wouldnt be just a strengths and weaknesses of china becoming a superpower professor ideas and use... Very good job the emerging superpowers of China will be essential to the United States viewed! Conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical science. % in 2012 than say the same of China will be a lot of twists and turns articles... Is another problem- in Beijing alone, demand exceeded supply by 70 in... A lot of growth problems, in part because of COVID might do in the creation of ghost,. Still name the U.S. won, and structural advantages as the worlds economic powerhouse why can China... Is one of the Pew Charitable Trusts all this growth, so coal and the strengths of press! Superpower is the paradox: theres this interim stability on China Chinas economic growth so... Globe militarily, culturally, politically, and the pollution it brings is a reversal of 2015 opinion, more... 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And terms of Service apply new missiles are those of the worldyou build the... Sectors contribute to 40 % of global emissions a benign superpower is a country that dominates the globe militarily culturally. Only grown, media content analysis and other empirical social science research since,... Recent decades competition with the West drive China to global dominance innovation-led competitiveness... Us can not China relinquish its hold on the Uighurs in Xinjiang networks and expanding.
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