With a woomterah to aid the cast, the y could hit a mark at almost every throw up to a distance of 50 to 75 yards. The men at the camp pull the leaves off the boughs thrown down by the keerang, who sit down at one end of the clear space. I often heard my father speak of the blacks fish traps but it was years after his death that I read Mary Gilmores book, and so I could not ask the questions I wanted to. The blossoms of the honeysuckle provided nectar, as did that of the grass tree, and of the latter children were especially fond (Dawson 1830:244). Strings are bound tightly round the upper arms of the novices to make their muscles swell, which is supposed to cause their arms to grow stronger. The dead were carried from miles around to be buried in these places. This nomadic minstrel was a most important individual, posturing, gesticulating and leaping about the fitful flames of the camp fire he would sing, over and over again, his latest melody, which usually had to do with some well known incident. Hall, that there was great reason to apprehend that the blacks had murdered Henderson at Worrawong, our distant cattle station. Here a halt is made, and the keerang start away back to the womens camp, and report that the men and boys will arrive in a few hours time. If a boy wants anything, he must touch his guardian, who then commences asking him the most likely things, until he guesses correctly, when the boy nods assent. The fishing line was called ylrra- warn, and the hook pirrewuy. Some of the hooks were fashioned of bone after the primitive style, but they usually preferred the hooks that my father was able to supply. The fish spear (tutti) was .made In three distinct parts. All you need to do is follow the two simple processes give above. The tubers varied in thickness from an inch to an Inch-and-a-half, and were a few inches in length. all one afternoon, until stopped by the manager of the station and his men, but while the manager was persuading the. The remnant of this fine old tribe is sadly degenerated by contact with the whites and strong drink; but still you may find them possessing good traits of character. What makes me remember the corroboree was the fight that followed. The district blacks were collected in a cluster of saplings on the opposite ridge in full view of the execution. The white people who recorded the language had no linguistic training, and little appreciation of the difficulties of translating between two disparate cultures. Daily Performances at the Main Camp.- Every day the men go out hunting,, and meet each other in the evening an hour or so before sundown at the goonambang. First, the mothers of the boys are set free - then the sisters - and lastly, the other women and children are uncovered. One author [anonymous] used a crossed d to denote a td sound. But they seldom did this In the presence of the women. A small collection from a cultural giant, discover the objects from China held in the Australian Museum's World Cultural Collection. . The juvenile males of this (the Dungog) tribe were, from the age of about twelve to eighteen, allowed to accompany their parents and friends in hunting excursions, and assisted in the incidental fagging necessary about the camps. Mack- ensie Massacre and the massacre on the Bowman River Flat. A newly releasedindependent heritage review commissioned by the NSW Department of Planning as part of its assessment for the mine extension determined the Ravensworth Estate was "likely to meet the threshold for state heritage significance for its historical heritage value". Some are said to have survived the operation for three days. 1844, my father, John Scott, being employed in a secretarial capacity at Carrington by the Australian Agricultural Company. The Keeparra Ceremony of Initiation. The words were: Pindi pindeingy pindreingl cou-a-yana poon-maree wyv-gneahu Yangaronga gnaralonga cou-a-yana poon-maree wy-gneahn. 'gxI'wHOs$;I qv,1*dFnuv1:d8G+2(Qke
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9s+-uanLm The bark would be stripped carefully from the tree and soaked in water until the outer portions could be readily scraped off with a shell. Grass never grows on the bora ring. While the women used the lines, the men mostly fished with the spear, and they were extraordinarily skilful. The opossum, with his pronounced eucalyptus flavor, was also esteemed a great delicacy, and these dainty little arboreal citizens received scant consideration when the tribe was on a foraging expedition. . This Flash Tommy used to put on a long white shirt and walk up and down the town saying he was Tommy Gorton. Mr Gorton was the Magistrate at the time. . Two old men, and two of the elder women, now go inside the ring, of men and boys, and walk round - a man and a woman going one way, and the other man and woman going in the contrary direction. Kiripit (now Rawdon Vale) 26 miles west of Glouces- ter, was then a sheep station, managed by Robert Mackenzie, afterwards Sir Robert. Toys were designed to amuse and educate children, and also to prepare them for adulthood. I have mentioned that the blacks were ver y accurate in the use of the spear, being able to hurl this weapon for remarkably long distances. . Of course, the whites could not for their own safety allow such an event to pass without in some way punishing the blacks, but the way they did retaliate must appear to us moderns as shockingly cruel but unfortunately for themselves the blacks were looked upon by the early settlers as vermin fit only to be destroyed. I have some old records of the A.A. Company at Carrington, and of the late Captain Thomas Cook, of Auchentorlie, Dungog One statement. "There seems to be some sort of view that Indigenous groups need to be reaching consensus on all matters," he said. A complete guide to the Duttons, from 1883 to Yellowstone. A. One escaped death there only to meet it a few hundred yards across the river, where he was caught by the pursuing foe. Mr. McKenzie was, some four months later, accidentally killed fell off his horse while crossing the Cobark River opposite the reserve above Cobark House and his remains rest on a grassy knoll close by. When the fumigating of the men and novices has been completed the women go away to their camp, which is close by, and the men proceed to theirsthe married men joining their wives later on. Ceremonies in the Bush. They ranged in length from three-feet to three-feet six-inches, being shaped like a club and having a slightly tapering end . The novices are not allowed to leave the camp, but must sit in the shelter all day with their eyes cast down, some of their guardians remaining with them. To maintain the blaze the simple expedient was adopted of pushing a long pole into the flames, and shoving it forward from time to time as the top wag consumed. The animal or bird representing the respective totem is of course sacred to the particular person to whom it belongs, and though he may not kill or eat it, those in other groups are free to do so. . They were distributed over the district in local groups known as Nuria and were located at distances about eight miles apart in what the histo- rians of those days termed villages. If these people, after deliberation among themselves, decide to accept the invitation, they give the messenger another. This latter circular area was smaller. The upper end of this pole is ornamented by having, a bunch of green leaves or grass tied around it. 87 0 obj
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Discover your story through inspiring classes and speakers from all over the globe. But men were callous, and life was cheap in those far off days, and tradition tells a yet weirder tale of a blood bounty at half a crown per head.. Dungog Chronicle : Durham and Gloucester Advertiser (NSW : 1894 - 1954) Tue 6 Jul 1943 Page 4 WILD BLACKS. Their appearance certainly gave every indication of the justice of this claim for them. They ascended the lofty Mackenzie Table land and located the first body of fugitive natives camped on the northern face of the mountain on a narrow shelf above a gigantic cliff which overhung a tangled mass of brush and vines. The Aboriginal to-day pretends to know nothing but if full trust can be established it will be found that he does know. Then they advance a few paces, and stamp one foot on the ground, and the hosts answer heh! Their pronunciation was confusing to the early white settlers, hence many words were corrupted. Gringai land also includes the southern valleys of the Barrington Tops. long, having at the narrow end another piece of hardwood, about. The illustration above is captioned Natives of New South Wales - Mr Leigh knew them and had them taken from life by a convict. If it chanced the long white worms commonly found in bush animals, these would be swallowed with with rare gusto as the greatest delicacy of all. Dungog Chronicle and Gloucester Advertiser - Peep Into the Past March 24, 1932. The Gloucester Advocate (NSW : 1905 - 1954) Tuesday 7 March 1939 p 4 Old Days and Blacks. community together, who may be called the Chief Initiator, sends out messengers to all the neighbouring tribes whom it is desired shall be present. Clubs (cootarah) were also used, roughly fashioned from any suitable piece of timber. I believe the blacks had a story about them, but I do not know it. In this section, there's a wealth of information about our collections of scientific specimens and cultural objects. While the ceremonies were in progress, there would be an incessant noise of the bull-roarers (flat notched sticks whirled at the end of a cord to drive off debbil- debbils, keep the women at a distance, and impart the correct amount of terror to the trembling lads who were soon to become men. The other men then go and pick up the bushes thrown down by the keerang, and pull the leaves off them, making a continuous grunting, noise while so employed. The whites, themselves, being oppressed with scarcity and dearth of provisions, were forced to withdraw that countenance and support they had formerly afforded to the blacks, and that was indeed the cause of all the mischief that occurred some little time since. The web service Alexandria is granted from Memodata for the Ebay search. A dreamtime story from the Wonnarua explains how the hills and rivers in the Hunter Valley were created by a spirit called Baiame. Nothing in the nature of an outrigger was ever. Sometimes, when a man was wracked with an internal spasm, he would have his wife pere-ally for him, an operation carried out in the following manner. Then panic stricken they turned to the cliff edge and sprang into space and so perished. The corpse was neatly encased in a sheet of bark (paper-bark) stripped from the giant tl-tree (Melaleuca) and bound with vines from the scrub. In the proximity of the new camp, on the side of it nearest the place to which the novices will be taken by the headmen, a piece of tolerably level ground is selected, and cleared of all timber and loose rubbish, and a large fire kindled in the middle of it. The Wonnarua Nation Aboriginal Corporation was established in 1999 and represents the Wonnarua people. A few sheets of bark, leaning on a pole against a tree, served him as shelter through days of sunshine or nights of storm and rain. In this he reports two cases of the Harmony, one, a substantial one, in the early Thirties and the other, a minor one in 1847. One of them at last got up, took a sheet of bark, laid it across the grave, and stretched himself upon, it, crying pitifully. The business of fishing was per- haps the most important of all to the natives. During winter would hunt kangaroos, emus, possums and wombats, fish and other animals. The Wonnarua people, otherwise written Wanarruwa, are a group of Aboriginal Australian people united by strong ties of kinship, and who survived in family groups or clans scattered along the inland area of what is now known as the Upper Hunter Valley, New South Wales, Australia. From this circle, the yuppang (pathway) stretched 550 paces to the goonambang (excrement place). |Last modifications, Copyright 2000-2022 sensagent Corporation: Online Encyclopedia, Thesaurus, Dictionary definitions and more. It was not peace but submission which was achieved and hate and distrust were buried in the Aboriginal subconscious. Backhouse also noted the Giant Lily (Doryanthus excelsa) flourishing along the route from Newcastle to Threlkelds mission on Lake Macquarie. The boys then went through a strange and most symbolic ceremony. The Wonnarua people's traditional lands are located in the Hunter Valley area of New South Wales. Members are despatched to summon tribes from far and near, and on their return full preparations are made for the celebration, a place being selected and a day appointed. In an article The Kattang, (kutthung) or Worimi: An Aboriginal Tribe by W. J Enright March 1932 Mankind p. 76) [Enright states]. Some of the old men go round to see that the food for the novices is prepared according to rule, and when it is ready the guardians carry it to them. Glancing about I saw a strange aboriginal walking across a cleared space and approaching the camp. The second, which Mr Bennett seemingly refers to under Captain Reynolds, is apparently that expedition which led up to the encounter on Browns Creek, Wallamba, in which the whites were so decidedly worsted, that the locality of the encounter in question yet bears the name of Waterloo. or four more did the same, some most viciously, while others seemed to think a little of that sort of thing went a great way. To-day looking on this quiet and peaceful scene it is hard to believe that where one stand was enacted one of those terrible tragedies that unfortunately too often happened in the early days when the white pioneers were taking up the land and outsing the primitive aboriginals from their hunting grounds. The women at the camp, on hearing this, assemble at the kackaroo, and begin to sing and beat their rugs, and some of them dance. One of the most remarkable beliefs I remember, also concerns [fishing] An aboriginal woman, Fanny, who was a servant of our family for many years, was in her girlhood days dedicated to the art of fishing. The only record of punitive expeditions I can vouch for are as follows: In 1835, on the occasion of the great raid on Mackenzies shepherds, at Kiripit, now Rawdon Vale, the A. and direct savage attacks at the offender, beating him with their sticks until he was glad to fly m precipitate confusion, offering no retaliation or resistance No definite conception of an existence after death appeared to exist among the members of the tribe. Baime has his arms stretched open protecting the Valley. The Blacks also roast the roots and make them into a sort of cake, which they eat cold. The site is listed on the Register of the National Estate and is considered a sacred site. The upper stone was a water- worn basalt pebble flattened on one side only from use: It was used for grinding seeds, including those of the Kurrajong and it is the first I have seen from eastern New South Wales. The Melanesian cultural area is the nearest neighbour of Australian and the museum holds a significant collection of cultural material from Melanesian nations. The men and boys who remained at the water-hole or creeL in the busl, as soon as the keerang left them, proceeded to wash the coloring matter off their bodies. No doubt the Idea was that the fire would dry up the teeming heavens, and the artificial gusts from their mouths blow the storms away At Port Stephens it was the custom, when some of the boys had reached that stage of adolescence that their admission to the full privileges and prerogatives of the adult men of the tribe was deemed advisable by the older wiseacres, to segregate them for preparation for the ceremonies. After a great deal of fuss the men announced that they would make an- other attempt to find the poomblts, and to the accompaniment of clashing spears and hoarse shoutings, dashed out into the screen of bushes again. The recorded history of the Wonnarua begins in the early nineteenth century when the Europeans settled. The language spoken around Newcastle and Lake Macquarie called by the aborigines Awaaba was much the same, and the whole language was named Kurring-gai by some, and Awaabakal by others. Further Notes on the Worimi By W. J. His shepherds were all assigned convicts. The tail of a squirrel or opossum has previously been fastened on the side of this hole by one of the men, unknown to the boys, to convey the idea that the rest of the animal is within. The Wonnarua people's traditional lands are located in the Hunter Valley area of New South Wales. When I departed from Port Stephens in 1873 to go to Queensland the tribe had dwindled to about fifty members. The old men who are in the ring with the women, therefore, conduct each mother to her son where he is standing holding the hand of the men on each side of him. Sir I do my self the honor to inform you that the blacks have again commenced committing serious depredations in this neighbourhood. There were about sixteen [men] squatting or standing around; amongst them the father, mother, and several of the brothers of the deceased. How they worked out the mathematics of the curve and balance was ever a puzzle to me, as it has been to anthropologists all over the world, but though they always seemed to be making boomerangs, one never heard of any being spoiled or made in such fashion as to prove useless when put to the crucial test. Poisoning is the most cowardly form of massacre and the Aboriginal race cannot, do not, forget despite their kindly nature. The mothers of the novices are painted with red and white stripes on the face, chest and arms. It is sometimes suggested that Baiame was a construct of early Christian missionaries, but K Langloh Parker dated belief in Baiame to (at latest) 1830, prior to missionary activity in the region. The old men stretched themselves out on the ground and howled dreadfully. Company Information to the new mob also started from where they had been sitting down, as soon as their men started for the goonambang, and proceeded direct to the main camp, where they joined the women of the hosts. They were astonished and indignant. After the novices have been shown the goonambang, and all the marked trees around it, they are next taken away by their guardians and the old men, several miles into the bush, to a camp called keelaybang (urinating place). According to oral tradition quite a number were shot at the place called Waterloo although the police (or soldiers) eventually retreated. They had knocked down and carried away eight colonial sheep; all the rest were stolen yesterday. At Dungog a figure of sixty per cent is given. This, I was told, was the end, but to me it now seems clear that it was the beginning of the ceremonies, being the time when the contingents have arrived, and before the final part when the boys who are initiated are taken from their mothers. The station teamster, returning with supplies signalled his approach in the time- honored custom of cracking his bullock whip and bullock whips those far-away days were no doubt just as effective instruments as they are to-day in the back country centres of Australia. The headmen are walking about directing the proceedings, being sometimes in the ring, and sometimes outside of it. The Australian Museum has one of the worlds most-significant Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander collections, with artworks, technologies and cultural material representing First Nations communities from across Australia. The men then march once round the outside of the circle in the same manner as on the arrival of a tribe, already described. The young boys were carefully instructed by the elders of the tribe for long periods before the actual ceremonies began. To get the best possible experience using our website we recommend that you upgrade to a newer version or install another browser. At Port Stephens they called it the poombit though generally it is spoken of as the bora. On the flat there was an oval cleared space with a banked-up margin, and in the centre of it a heaped-up conical shaped fire. The fitting was done so cleverly that the whole would be as solid as though in one piece. In those days the flying-foxes were plentiful around Port Stephens there being a densely populated harborage on Cabbage Tree. It is said that the youths mother is custodian of the tooth and takes great care of it. He is a Koori It was then wrapped in sheets of ti-tree secured by cords of string- bark fibre. This would take out the sap and render the wood reasonably soft for application of the tools used as scrapers. Fishing lines were cleverly made from the inner bark of young kurrajong trees, the finished article being of extraordinary strength and capable of landing the heaviest of edible fish. he and his tribe seem perfectly quiet I think it may be as well to take no notice of him, unless he or his friends show a I disposition to disturb the settlers on the Williams. It was a very simple process for the tribe to kill all they needed. The rough, outside bark, the exterior of the canoe, would be care fully trimmed away with the blade of a tomahawk until the surface was smooth and clean. He said the absence of a recognised native title holder, as was the case in the Hunter Valley, couldfurther complicate claims. The Wonnarua people are traditional landowners in the . On the Main Creek, somewhere in the region of Mr. Gams timber mill, there is a stone standing on end, bending down hill. Most of these plants would have occurred somewhere in the Hunter Region, and probably constituted part of Aboriginal diet in those areas. The men at the goonambang had already been informed that the boombits were on their way. Then quickly it would pass from one to another, and each man in turn would extract a maximum of merriment from its possession. Children were not weaned until six or seven years and it was quite a common thing to see a boy or girl of that age suddenly leave oft playing about the camp to obtain a little refreshment from the mothers breast. The map was determined by overlaying an old parish map onto a topographic map. A long neck of land formed by the junction of a creek with the river [near Gresford] was the place chosen as that of interment. One of the men would then sound a bull-roarer just after dark in the vicinity of the camp, and next morning everyone would pack up and proceed by easy stages towards the appointed tryst, dances and songs being indulged in at night at each of the stages along their route. Dungog Chronicle : Durham and Gloucester Advertiser (NSW : 1894 - 1954) Tue 23 Aug 1927 Page 6 MURDER BY BLACKS. A. Cos. The blacks mistook the whip cracks for gun shots, and made tracks for safety. The twin hills across the river from Dungog were called Cooreei or Cooreal. If an officers command were directed to proceed thither to scour the bush for a few days and, if possible, capture the offenders, for whose apprehension the Magistrates warrant was granted, it would have a good effect, by striking terror into the savage mind. It was amazing the speed at which these seemingly cumbersome craft could be driven through the water by their owners, their lightness and shallow draught having a good deal to do with this. Barrallier (1802:81-82) observed at Newcastle that the Aborigines ate the roots of Fern [which he surprised a youth in the act of collecting] and a sort of root or yam. [6], This entry is from Wikipedia, the leading user-contributed encyclopedia. The spot where the fire had seen being now cool, the embers and ashes were levelled and boughs were brought and disposed of in the middle of the circle. has publicly denounced the use of the word Guringai. [The canoes] were generally 15 feet long, and with a fair beam, required some handling by an amateur. The men of one tribe dance one evening - their women beating time for them; the next night the men and women of another tribe provide the evenings amusement. Charms were worn round the neck and consisted of shells, seeds, pieces of quartz, etc. The Australian Museum respects and acknowledges the Gadigalpeople as the FirstPeoples and TraditionalCustodians ofthe land and waterways on which theMuseumstands. A. Co. had established an out cattle station at Upper Ganghut a heifer run, in charge of [which were a few of] their assigned servants. A. Those who escaped the bullet were killed by falling over the cliffs and being smashed on the rocks below thus, was the whole tribe of blacks with one or two exceptions which inhabited this part of the district exterminated. These fibre strings were also used to make dilly-bags in which [young children] were carried as well as articles of food, and puppies. The Wonnarua had some idea of a Great Spirit, but what the idea was my informant does not know. . THE WONNARUA TRIBE AND LANGUAGE. Enter the name of family members in the editing box. necessity no doubt guided their deft hands, for the art of fashioning their weapons was inherited from countless generations who had to pit their wits against Nature in the battle for survival. to 30-In. The throwers had marvellous command over them, and could actually direct and control their flight in any direction. Many of those who remained in contact with European settlement died of disease. The novices are then helped to their feet, and are taken to each of the marked trees in succession. They have also attacked Mr Nowlands station, a few miles lower down, and the enclosed from Mr Cook, which I have just received, will disclose to you the tenor of their conduct towards his men. Strangely enough neither men nor women adorned themselves with ornaments of any description, being content to present themselves to the world as Nature so fashioned them. These men in their old days never forgot how to fish, and were never satisfied unless they brought home two or three monster perch. The women started humming in a low drone. On account of the novices hair being singed short, and the white paint on their bodies, the mothers are sometimes unable to recognise their own sons. At Port Stephens there were two varieties in general use. After Mr. McKenzies death Mr. Simon Lord, a well-known Sydney merchant (after whom Lords Creek is named) of the early Forties of last century, took over the management of the Rawdens properties for a few years and until they were sold. We pay our respect to Aboriginal Elders and recognise their continuous connection to Country. It would be made of a long, flat piece of hardwood, pointed at one end, fitted loosely Into the ey e and made firm with a wooden wedge driven along the side. One of our blacks asked me to give it up but rather than part with it I decided to let them finish their celebrations in peace The initiation of the novices was a memorable and important event. The women then assemble at the kweealbang fire, and assist the men to cut bark and bushes, which are laid in a ring round the fire ready for use by and bye. He more than anyone, seemed to enjoy the joke best. A fair beam, required some handling by an amateur advance a inches! 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